Biomechanics
Biomechanics lies at the intersection of mechanics and biology, focusing on the structure, function, and motion of biological systems. As a key branch of Biomedical Engineering, it applies principles from classical mechanics to analyze how forces affect the human body, prosthetic devices, and tissue systems. Foundational understanding from Bioinformatics and Biomaterials supports research into how genetic factors and engineered materials interact with biomechanical environments.
The study of dynamic body motion requires inputs from Biomedical Signal Processing to monitor muscle activation, and from Medical Imaging to visualize joints, bones, and tissue deformations. Biomechanics also plays a crucial role in the design and optimization of cardiovascular devices within Cardiovascular Engineering, and in refining neural interface systems in Neural Engineering. Moreover, biomechanics enables the practical testing and deployment of innovations within Clinical Engineering.
Drug delivery and biomechanical feedback mechanisms overlap in the realm of Pharmaceutical Engineering, particularly when material deformation impacts dosage timing. In Rehabilitation Engineering, biomechanics is central to designing adaptive braces, orthotic supports, and exoskeletons. Similarly, the creation of functional tissues in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine depends on understanding how mechanical cues influence cellular behavior.
The scope of biomechanics extends into allied fields such as Chemical Engineering, where engineered reactions in living tissues are guided by principles also seen in Biochemical Engineering and Chemical Catalysis and Reaction Engineering. Mechanical testing of biomaterials benefits from knowledge in Chemical Materials Engineering and manufacturing insights from Chemical Process Engineering. Simulations using tools from Computational Chemical Engineering help model tissue deformation and fluid interaction.
Applications extend further into areas like Food and Beverage Engineering, where biomechanical properties influence food texture and processing. Miniaturized sensors and smart responses developed in Nanotechnology in Chemical Engineering enhance performance monitoring of biomechanical systems. The synergy with Polymer and Plastics Engineering is evident in the development of stretchable and responsive materials used in body-mounted devices and flexible prosthetics.
Insights from structural engineering disciplines such as Civil Engineering help analyze load-bearing capacities in artificial joints and bone replacements. Project coordination lessons from Construction Management aid the design of clinical testing frameworks for biomechanical equipment. Additionally, the resilience frameworks used in Earthquake and Disaster Engineering mirror the robustness required in biomechanical implants exposed to dynamic and repetitive stress conditions.
Table of Contents
Core Concepts in Biomechanics
Kinematics
- Definition:
The study of motion without considering the forces that cause it. - Focus Areas:
- Displacement, velocity, and acceleration of body segments.
- Analysis of gait, joint angles, and body movements.
- Applications:
- Evaluating running and walking patterns to improve athletic performance or rehabilitate injuries.
Kinetics
- Definition:
The study of forces and torques that cause motion. - Focus Areas:
- Ground reaction forces, joint forces, and muscle forces.
- Interaction between internal (muscle contractions) and external (gravity, friction) forces.
- Applications:
- Designing orthopedic implants to withstand physical loads.
- Analyzing the impact of sports movements on joints to prevent injuries.
Tissue Mechanics
- Definition:
Study of the mechanical behavior of biological tissues such as bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. - Focus Areas:
- Stress-strain relationships of biological tissues.
- Material properties like elasticity, plasticity, and viscoelasticity.
- Applications:
- Designing more durable and biocompatible prosthetics and implants.
Fluid Biomechanics
- Definition:
Analysis of fluid flow within biological systems. - Focus Areas:
- Blood flow in arteries and veins.
- Airflow in the respiratory system.
- Applications:
- Understanding cardiovascular diseases.
- Designing artificial heart valves and vascular grafts.
Neuromuscular Biomechanics
- Definition:
The interaction between the nervous system and the musculoskeletal system to produce movement. - Focus Areas:
- Muscle activation patterns.
- Coordination of movement.
- Applications:
- Rehabilitation robotics.
- Exoskeleton design for mobility support.
Applications of Biomechanics
Prosthetics and Orthotics
- Prosthetics:
- Designing artificial limbs that mimic natural movement.
- Incorporating lightweight and durable materials to improve comfort and function.
- Using robotics and AI to enhance control and mobility in prosthetic limbs.
- Orthotics:
- Creating supportive devices to correct or accommodate musculoskeletal deformities.
- Custom orthotic insoles to improve gait and reduce pain.
Orthopedics
- Implant Design:
- Developing joint replacements (hip, knee, shoulder) that withstand biomechanical loads.
- Creating spinal implants and fixation devices.
- Bone and Joint Health:
- Studying the mechanical behavior of bones to prevent fractures and degenerative diseases.
- Optimizing surgical procedures like ACL reconstruction using biomechanical data.
Sports Biomechanics
- Performance Enhancement:
- Analyzing athletes’ movements to improve technique and performance.
- Designing sport-specific equipment, like running shoes or golf clubs, for better efficiency.
- Injury Prevention:
- Identifying harmful movement patterns to reduce the risk of injury.
- Developing protective gear to minimize impact forces.
Rehabilitation Engineering
- Assistive Devices:
- Designing exoskeletons and robotic devices to restore mobility in patients with neurological injuries.
- Developing smart wheelchairs and mobility aids.
- Therapy Optimization:
- Using motion analysis to guide physical therapy.
- Customizing rehabilitation programs based on biomechanical feedback.
Ergonomics and Workplace Safety
- Workplace Design:
- Optimizing workstation design to reduce repetitive strain injuries.
- Designing tools and equipment to align with human biomechanics.
- Manual Handling:
- Developing lifting techniques and supportive gear to prevent musculoskeletal injuries.
Biomedical Device Development
- Wearable Technology:
- Designing wearable sensors to monitor joint movement, posture, and muscle activity.
- Implantable Devices:
- Creating bioengineered implants that adapt to mechanical stress in the body.
Technologies in Biomechanics
Motion Capture Systems
- Function:
- Tracks and analyzes body movement in 3D.
- Applications:
- Sports performance analysis.
- Rehabilitation and gait analysis.
Force Plates and Pressure Sensors
- Function:
- Measures ground reaction forces and pressure distribution.
- Applications:
- Assessing balance, gait, and jump dynamics.
- Studying injury risks in athletes.
Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
- Function:
- Simulates how biological structures respond to external forces.
- Applications:
- Designing orthopedic implants and prosthetics.
- Evaluating the mechanical strength of bones and tissues.
Electromyography (EMG)
- Function:
- Measures electrical activity in muscles.
- Applications:
- Assessing muscle activation patterns.
- Diagnosing neuromuscular disorders.
Computational Modeling and Simulation
- Function:
- Creates digital models of biological systems for analysis.
- Applications:
- Simulating joint mechanics under different movement scenarios.
- Predicting the performance of medical devices.
Challenges in Biomechanics
Biomechanics, as a discipline at the intersection of biology, physics, and engineering, plays a vital role in understanding human movement, designing prosthetics, optimizing surgical interventions, and simulating biological function. However, this rapidly evolving field faces several formidable challenges. These range from biological variability to technological limitations and ethical complexities. Addressing these issues is crucial for advancing both research and clinical applications in biomechanics.
Complexity of Biological Systems
- Inherent Variability: Each human body differs significantly in size, muscle strength, bone density, and joint mobility, making it difficult to create standardized biomechanical models. Age, sex, ethnicity, and lifestyle factors further complicate generalization.
- Tissue Behavior: Biological tissues are anisotropic, viscoelastic, and non-linear in their mechanical behavior. This makes modeling them far more difficult than simple engineering materials.
- Dynamic Interactions: The interplay between muscles, bones, tendons, and neural control systems varies continuously with time and activity, introducing additional layers of complexity.
Integration of Multidisciplinary Knowledge
- Cross-Disciplinary Expertise: Effective biomechanical analysis requires knowledge in anatomy, physiology, mechanical engineering, materials science, computer science, and clinical medicine. The breadth of knowledge required creates a high barrier to entry for researchers and practitioners.
- Communication Barriers: Different disciplines often use different terminologies, data standards, and software tools, making collaborative work challenging.
- Educational Gaps: Most university programs do not fully integrate this interdisciplinary knowledge into a single curriculum, resulting in professionals with gaps in one or more key domains.
Data Accuracy and Validation
- Measurement Challenges: Accurate real-time data on internal body mechanics is difficult to acquire non-invasively. Techniques like motion capture, force plates, and imaging have limitations in resolution and fidelity.
- Model Validation: Validating simulations against in vivo conditions is difficult due to ethical constraints and technological limits in tracking internal structures like ligaments or cartilage under load.
- Environmental Variation: Real-world conditions such as uneven terrain, fatigue, or disease progression introduce variability that cannot be fully replicated in laboratory settings.
Ethical Considerations
- Human Subject Research: Biomechanical testing on living subjects must comply with strict ethical standards. The need to avoid harm limits invasive measurements and testing, especially for vulnerable populations like children or the elderly.
- Animal Testing: While often necessary, animal models do not always accurately reflect human biomechanics, and their use raises ethical concerns in research communities.
- AI and Bias: The growing use of AI in biomechanical prediction (e.g., gait analysis, injury risk) raises concerns about algorithmic bias and equity in treatment outcomes.
Customization of Solutions
- Personalization Needs: Effective prosthetic and orthotic solutions must be custom-designed for individual anatomy and activity level, requiring detailed imaging and patient data.
- Manufacturing Limits: Additive manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing) has revolutionized customization, but still faces issues with material biocompatibility, mechanical integrity, and regulatory approval.
- Cost and Accessibility: Custom devices are expensive and often unavailable in resource-limited settings, raising concerns about global health equity.
Computational Limitations and Simulation Complexity
- High Computational Demand: Accurate simulations, particularly those involving finite element models of human joints or muscles, are computationally expensive and time-consuming.
- Real-Time Analysis: For applications in wearable technologies or surgical robotics, biomechanical models must compute in real time—a capability still under development.
- Data Fusion: Integrating data from various sensors (e.g., EMG, IMU, ultrasound) into a unified model without loss of accuracy or latency is an ongoing challenge.
Translational Gaps Between Research and Clinical Practice
- Limited Adoption: Many advanced biomechanical tools remain underused in clinical settings due to complexity, lack of training, or regulatory barriers.
- Workflow Integration: Integrating biomechanical data into electronic health records and decision-support systems is still in its infancy.
- Outcome Measurement: There is often a lack of standardized metrics to evaluate the effectiveness of biomechanical interventions in real-world healthcare environments.
To learn more about emerging solutions and tools in biomechanics, explore the NIH’s open-access biomechanics research overview and The Journal of Biomechanics for recent peer-reviewed publications.
Conclusion
While the challenges in biomechanics are multifaceted and deeply intertwined with the complexities of the human body, they also present immense opportunities for innovation. As data acquisition improves, computational power expands, and interdisciplinary collaboration strengthens, these obstacles can be systematically overcome. Addressing these hurdles will not only accelerate scientific discovery but also enhance patient-specific care, injury prevention, rehabilitation strategies, and the performance of medical devices for diverse populations around the world.
Future Trends in Biomechanics
Smart Prosthetics and Wearables
Smart prosthetics are evolving beyond basic mechanical functionality to incorporate embedded sensors, artificial intelligence, and responsive control systems. These technologies enable real-time feedback and adjustments, allowing prosthetic limbs to respond dynamically to user intentions and environmental changes. Wearable biomechanics devices also track gait, muscle activity, and joint movement, offering data for clinicians to personalize rehabilitation strategies. This trend is driving improvements in both comfort and functionality for individuals with limb loss or motor impairments.
Notably, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are being integrated into advanced prosthetics, enabling users to control limbs through neural signals. This promises to dramatically improve quality of life for amputees and individuals with spinal cord injuries. Wearables in biomechanics are also used to monitor athletes’ performance and prevent injuries in sports science and occupational ergonomics.
3D Printing of Customized Implants
Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, is transforming the production of orthopedic implants, dental fixtures, and assistive devices by enabling highly customized designs that fit individual anatomical structures. Engineers can now print implants with porous structures that encourage bone ingrowth, enhancing integration with the patient’s body.
Furthermore, 3D printing allows for the rapid prototyping of biomechanics tools and the production of lightweight, durable devices using materials such as titanium, polymers, and composite biomaterials. Surgeons can also use 3D-printed anatomical models to plan complex procedures and improve surgical accuracy.
Bioengineered Tissues and Organs
Researchers are developing bioengineered tissues that replicate the biomechanical properties of natural ligaments, tendons, and cartilage. These engineered tissues can be used for reconstructive surgery, sports injury recovery, and even organ transplantation. Advances in biomechanics inform the mechanical conditioning of these tissues during cultivation, mimicking physiological stresses to ensure functional performance.
Scaffold-based regeneration, bioprinting of vascular networks, and stem cell integration are all areas of active development. These approaches aim to address the limitations of donor availability and rejection in organ transplantation, while also supporting innovations in personalized regenerative medicine.
Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in Biomechanical Training
Virtual reality and augmented reality are being utilized in physical rehabilitation, surgical training, and movement re-education. These immersive technologies provide real-time biomechanical feedback and simulate realistic environments to engage patients more effectively during therapy. VR-enhanced gait training is used for stroke recovery, while AR-assisted procedures help surgeons visualize internal anatomical structures with overlayed biomechanical data.
Biomechanics-informed simulations also help researchers test implant behavior and movement patterns in a risk-free digital environment before translating them into clinical practice, reducing trial-and-error and enhancing patient safety.
Machine Learning and Big Data Analytics
The integration of machine learning algorithms into biomechanics enables the analysis of massive datasets generated by motion capture, force plates, electromyography, and imaging tools. These insights are critical for recognizing abnormal movement patterns, predicting injury risks, and improving the design of assistive devices and orthopedic interventions.
Predictive analytics is being used to tailor rehabilitation protocols, while real-time monitoring of post-operative recovery can help clinicians intervene proactively. Moreover, AI models can help researchers understand subtle biomechanical interactions within musculoskeletal systems that were previously inaccessible through conventional analysis.
Digital Twins and Biomechanical Simulation
Digital twins—virtual replicas of anatomical systems—are being developed for biomechanical simulations of joints, muscles, and soft tissues. These models enable researchers to test implant mechanics, simulate surgical outcomes, and evaluate physical therapy techniques with high accuracy. Combined with real-time patient data, digital twins support personalized treatment planning and performance assessment.
Advanced simulations also aid in the design of smart textiles and responsive orthotics that adapt to biomechanical feedback, enhancing comfort and effectiveness.
Exoskeletons and Assistive Robotics
Exoskeletons are wearable biomechanical systems that support or enhance human movement. Originally developed for rehabilitation and military applications, they are now being explored in industrial settings to reduce musculoskeletal strain and fatigue among workers. Clinical-grade robotic exosuits aid individuals with spinal cord injuries, stroke, or muscular dystrophy to regain mobility.
Future models will incorporate AI, machine learning, and real-time EMG analysis to create more intuitive, adaptive control systems. The long-term vision includes full lower-limb replacement systems for patients with paralysis or degenerative disorders.
Neurobiomechanics and Brain-Body Interfaces
Neurobiomechanics is an emerging field that studies how the nervous system and biomechanical structures interact during movement. By combining neuroscience with motion science, researchers aim to develop advanced prosthetics, rehabilitation tools, and neural implants. Brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) and spinal stimulation devices show promise in restoring motor function and controlling prosthetic devices.
These developments offer hope for individuals with neurological conditions like ALS, cerebral palsy, and spinal cord injury, enabling partial or even full restoration of movement with minimal invasive intervention.
Biomechanics in Space Exploration and Aging
Space agencies are leveraging biomechanics to understand the effects of microgravity on musculoskeletal health. Research on astronauts’ bone and muscle degradation informs countermeasure designs, such as resistive exercise devices and nutrient delivery systems. Similar principles are applied to geriatrics to prevent falls, manage osteoporosis, and improve mobility in aging populations.
These insights contribute to the development of assistive devices, adaptive footwear, and mobility aids that help the elderly maintain independence and prevent injury.
Sustainable and Bioinspired Materials
Future biomechanics devices will increasingly incorporate biodegradable, sustainable, and bioinspired materials that mimic the flexibility and strength of biological tissues. Examples include spider silk-inspired fibers and self-healing polymers that respond to stress or damage. These materials improve the longevity and ecological footprint of biomedical devices and wearables.
Such sustainable solutions are aligned with global goals for environmental responsibility and health equity, especially in resource-constrained healthcare systems.
Why Study Biomechanics
Understanding Human Motion and Forces
Biomechanics studies how forces act on the human body during movement. Students learn to analyze walking, running, lifting, and joint function. This knowledge supports rehabilitation, sports science, and ergonomic design.
Applications in Prosthetics and Orthopedics
Students explore how biomechanical principles guide the design of prosthetic limbs and orthopedic implants. They evaluate how devices interact with muscle and bone. This ensures comfort, function, and long-term performance.
Modeling and Simulation Tools
The field relies on computer models to simulate body mechanics and predict outcomes. Students learn to use software to analyze stresses and movements. These tools enhance research and clinical decision-making.
Injury Prevention and Rehabilitation
Biomechanics helps identify causes of injury and guide recovery strategies. Students apply motion analysis and force measurement to improve therapy. This contributes to safer environments and effective treatments.
Interdisciplinary Research and Impact
The field integrates physiology, engineering, and physics. Students can pursue careers in healthcare, research, and sports performance. Biomechanics plays a key role in enhancing human health and function.
Biomechanics: Conclusion
Biomechanics stands at the intersection of biology, physics, engineering, and medicine, offering a powerful framework for analyzing and enhancing how living systems move and function. This multidisciplinary field has evolved into a cornerstone of modern healthcare, athletics, rehabilitation, and even aerospace and robotics. Through the application of mechanical principles to biological tissues, biomechanics enables researchers, clinicians, and engineers to develop innovative solutions that improve mobility, optimize performance, and extend quality of life across all age groups.
Impact on Healthcare and Prosthetics
One of the most transformative contributions of biomechanics is in the realm of medical devices, especially prosthetics and orthopedic implants. By simulating joint movement, tissue loading, and muscle forces, biomechanical models inform the design of prosthetic limbs that closely replicate natural motion. These advancements not only restore mobility to individuals with limb loss but also significantly improve comfort, fit, and usability. Similarly, joint replacements—such as hip and knee implants—benefit from precise biomechanical testing to ensure long-term durability under physiological loads.
Technologies like finite element analysis and motion capture systems allow engineers to simulate patient-specific conditions, leading to better surgical planning and customized implants. In spinal surgery, biomechanics has enhanced the development of vertebral fixation systems and intervertebral discs that align with the spine’s complex kinematics.
Revolutionizing Rehabilitation and Physical Therapy
Biomechanics has become a vital tool in rehabilitation engineering, supporting the recovery of patients following injury, surgery, or neurological disorders. Gait analysis systems track how individuals walk or run, enabling therapists to detect abnormalities, measure progress, and tailor treatment plans. For stroke patients, wearable motion sensors combined with biomechanical algorithms help guide motor retraining and monitor functional improvement.
Orthotic devices, such as ankle-foot orthoses or dynamic splints, are now designed based on individual biomechanical needs, improving alignment, reducing pain, and supporting efficient movement patterns. Biomechanics also supports remote rehabilitation and telehealth by integrating data from wearable sensors into mobile applications and cloud-based platforms.
Performance Optimization in Sports and Exercise Science
Athletes and coaches rely on biomechanics to refine movement techniques, prevent injuries, and maximize physical output. High-speed cameras, force plates, and electromyography (EMG) allow for detailed assessments of muscle activity, joint angles, and force application. These insights are used to optimize running strides, improve pitching mechanics, or enhance cycling posture.
Biomechanics also aids in return-to-play protocols by providing objective criteria for recovery. For example, a basketball player recovering from an ACL injury may undergo 3D motion analysis to ensure their biomechanics matches pre-injury performance before being cleared to compete.
Applications in Ergonomics and Workplace Safety
In occupational health and ergonomics, biomechanics plays a key role in reducing workplace injuries and enhancing productivity. By analyzing how workers lift, carry, or perform repetitive motions, experts can redesign tools, workstations, and workflows to reduce strain and musculoskeletal disorders. Ergonomic chairs, standing desks, and wearable supports are often developed with biomechanical data to ensure safety and comfort.
Biomechanics is also central to developing exoskeletons that assist with lifting heavy loads or supporting fatigued muscles, increasingly used in industrial and military contexts.
Driving Innovation in Robotics and Human-Machine Interfaces
The principles of biomechanics are essential in the design of humanoid robots, assistive robotics, and brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). By mimicking the structure and function of the musculoskeletal system, engineers are developing robotic systems capable of navigating human environments with agility and balance. In assistive technology, biomechanical modeling ensures robotic limbs or exosuits move in harmony with the user’s body, reducing fatigue and increasing functionality.
BCIs combined with biomechanical control loops offer the possibility of restoring mobility for individuals with paralysis or neurodegenerative diseases. Such innovations are shaping the future of mobility and autonomy for many patients.
Contributions to Aging and Fall Prevention
As populations age, biomechanics becomes increasingly relevant in fall prevention, fracture risk assessment, and mobility support. Researchers develop biomechanical models to understand balance impairments and develop interventions such as balance training programs, anti-slip footwear, and assistive walkers. Wearable devices track motion patterns to alert users or caregivers about potential risks in real time.
In the context of osteoporosis, for example, biomechanics is used to analyze bone strength and predict fracture sites, influencing both pharmaceutical treatment plans and lifestyle recommendations.
Educational and Research Significance
Biomechanics has also become a cornerstone of research and higher education in biomedical engineering, kinesiology, physical therapy, and mechanical engineering. Students learn to use simulation software, conduct experimental motion analysis, and integrate biological knowledge into mechanical systems. This foundation prepares the next generation of innovators who will continue advancing healthcare, sports, and human performance technologies.
The research community is constantly expanding the frontier of biomechanics by exploring cellular mechanobiology, organ-level deformation, and molecular force transmission—providing deeper insight into how mechanical forces influence biological function at all scales.
Environmental and Global Health Applications
Beyond clinical and performance settings, biomechanics contributes to global health initiatives. In resource-limited environments, biomechanically optimized crutches, prosthetics, and orthopedic braces are being developed with cost-effective materials. These solutions provide support to individuals affected by conflict, disease, or natural disasters. Organizations such as the [World Health Organization](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/assistive-technology) emphasize the importance of assistive technologies—including those developed through biomechanical research—for improving accessibility and independence.
Future Outlook: Boundless Potential
As technologies like artificial intelligence, virtual reality, 3D printing, and bioinspired design continue to mature, biomechanics will further integrate into daily life. Smart prosthetics that respond to thought, digital twins of human joints for predictive modeling, and biodegradable implants that adapt to body dynamics represent just a fraction of what lies ahead. The synergy between biomechanics and these emerging tools will lead to more personalized, effective, and sustainable health interventions.
Indeed, the future of biomechanics holds the promise of transforming not only how we treat injuries or optimize performance but also how we understand the human experience through the lens of movement and mechanical interaction with the world.
References
Biomechanics: Review Questions and Answers:
What is biomechanics?
Answer: Biomechanics is the study of forces and motions within biological systems, aiming to understand how the human body interacts with its environment.
What are the main areas of study within biomechanics?
Answer: The main areas include musculoskeletal biomechanics, cardiovascular biomechanics, cellular biomechanics, and biofluid mechanics.
What does musculoskeletal biomechanics examine?
Answer: It examines the structure and function of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments, analyzing joint movements to design ergonomic devices and prevent injuries.
How is cardiovascular biomechanics applied in medical device design?
Answer: It studies blood flow dynamics, heart mechanics, and vascular structures to design artificial heart valves, stents, and vascular grafts.
What is the focus of cellular biomechanics?
Answer: Cellular biomechanics investigates the mechanical properties of cells and their response to forces, aiding in understanding cancer cell migration and enhancing tissue engineering techniques.
What does biofluid mechanics examine?
Answer: Biofluid mechanics examines the behavior of biological fluids like blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid, contributing to the design of blood pumps and dialysis machines.
How do biomechanical engineers contribute to prosthetic design?
Answer: They design and fabricate artificial limbs using lightweight materials and advanced control systems, integrating robotic and AI technologies for greater functionality.
What innovations have been made in orthopedic implants through biomechanics?
Answer: Innovations include biocompatible coatings to reduce wear and improve longevity, and custom implants using 3D printing for better fit and function.
What role do biomechanical engineers play in rehabilitation equipment development?
Answer: They develop devices like exoskeletons for mobility assistance and robotic gait trainers for stroke rehabilitation to aid recovery from injuries or surgeries.
How is finite element analysis (FEA) used in biomechanical modeling?
Answer: FEA simulates stress, strain, and deformation in biological tissues and medical devices, predicting implant performance under load and assessing fracture risks in bones.
These questions and answers aim to provide a comprehensive understanding of biomechanics and its applications in healthcare and engineering.
